ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืœื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื•ื‘ื”

ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืช"ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 7ื' ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื (ื”ืคืœืช"ื“) ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืชื•ื‘ืข ืืฉืจ ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—, ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ (ืช.ื. 28549/06 ื›ื”ืŸ ื ' ืงืจื ื™ืช ื•ืื—').

ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื”:

ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข, ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืฉื›ื ื™ื• (ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ืจืคื• ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ืฆื“ ื’') ืจืฉื•ืช 'ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘' ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื. ืืœื” ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”, ื”ื•ืคืชืข ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื—ืกื ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืกื˜ื” ืžื”ื“ืจืš ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื—ืฉืžืœ.

ืจืง ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืœื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื˜ืกื˜ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ.

ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืืฉืจ ืขืžื“ื” ืœืคืชื—ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ, ื ืกื‘ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืคืœืช"ื“ ืื• ืœื? ืื• ื”ืื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 7ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื.

ืกืขื™ืฃ 7 ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื• "ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื–ื›ืื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื ืคื’ืขื™ื" ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื "ืžื™ ืฉื ื”ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘… ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื ื›ื™ืกื” ืืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื• ื‘ืจื›ื‘" . ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื ืกืขื™ืฃ 7ื ื•ืžืกื™ื™ื’: "ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 7(5), ืžื™ ืฉื ืคื’ืข ื›ืฉื ื”ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื• ืื• ืžืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื•, ืœืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืคื™ ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ืื• ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื• ื‘ืจื›ื‘, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ื•ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืข, ื™ื”ื ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื›ืื™ ืœื›ืš ื ืคื’ืข ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 12(ื‘)" .

ื›ืœื•ืžืจ- ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— 3 ืชื ืื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื: 1. ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ 2. ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช 3. ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืข ื›ืืžื•ืจ.

ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื›ื™ ืœื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืขืžื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™- ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ (ื›ืชื•ืืจื• ืื–) ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืข"ื 1777/03:

"… ืื›ืŸ, ืื•ืชื ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ืกืขื™ืฃ 7 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉืœ "ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ" ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืชืขื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืคืกื•ืœื” ืื• ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข โ€“ ื”ื ื”ืžื‘ืกืกื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 7ื, ื”ืฉื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืฉืœื™ืœืช ื”ื–ื›ืื•ืช ืžื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื”ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื—ืฃ ืžื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™. ื–ื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืืช ื“ืจืš ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื”, ืœืืžื•ืจ: ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ื•ืช ืืœื ื—ื•ืชืจืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืืžื ื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื ื•ื”ื’ ืื•ืชื• ืจื‘ื‘ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉืชืงื ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืžื ืขื•…".

ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ื” ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ื ืขื ื”ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืชืื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื‘ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื›ื ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื“ื™ ื’', ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘, ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื™ื“ืข ื›ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ ื’' ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื–ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืœื• ืชืงื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื™ืขื”.

ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืงื‘ืข ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื›ื™ ืชื ืื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 7ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืื•ื ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืื•ื ื”. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืœืงืจื ื™ืช- ื”ืงืจืŸ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื ืคื’ืขื™ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื.

ื“ื•ื“ ืกืขืจ, ืขื•"ื“

ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื™?
ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืืช 3 ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืคืก โ†“ ืœื™ื—ืฆื• ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืงื“ื!

    ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ

    ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ